Intelligence reports reveal that North Korea has been developing biological weapons since at least the 1960s. These weapons, which utilize pathogenic substances to harm or kill humans, animals, and plants intentionally, are classified as weapons of mass destruction alongside chemical and nuclear arsenals.
The U.S. State Department stated in its annual report on 2025 Arms Control, Nonproliferation, and Disarmament Compliance and Implementation that the U.S. assesses that North Korea possesses a biological weapons (BW) program and is in violation of its obligations under Articles 1 and 2 of the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC).
The BWC, which took effect in 1975, prohibits the development, production, acquisition, or retention of biological agents or toxins not justified for peaceful purposes. As of 2024, 187 countries, including both Koreas, are signatories. BW includes agents like anthrax, smallpox, botulinum toxin, and various delivery systems.
Major powers established the BWC in response to the horrors of chemical and biological warfare during World War I. While several nations initially developed biological weapons, many, including the U.S. and UK, disposed of their stockpiles by the 1960s.
The State Department report notes that North Korea’s biological weapons program dates back to at least the 1960s. It highlights Pyongyang’s technical capability to produce biological agents for military use. It suggests that North Korea may have the ability to genetically modify these agents using advanced technologies, such as CRISPR gene-editing tools.
U.S. intelligence assesses that North Korea is likely capable of weaponizing biological agents through unconventional means, such as sprayers or covert delivery systems. The report also notes that North Korea continues to enhance its capabilities through international scientific cooperation and acquiring dual-use technologies and materials.
